David Christopher (2002). [390] The visual effects company Framestore in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film. [375] Philip Astley is regarded as the father of the modern circus. [14][15] In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland (through another Act of Union) to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. You can choose a winning side, or even bet on the final score or result. Get to know your Apple Watch by trying out the taps swipes, and presses you'll be using most. [90] Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and prosperity. [nb 8], Landscape gardening, as developed by Capability Brown, set an international trend for the English garden. Of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 17 are in England. (2004). In 2013, the British Government pledged £60 million to the Skylon project: this investment will provide support at a "crucial stage" to allow a full-scale prototype of the SABRE engine to be built. [442] In women's boxing, Nicola Adams became the world's first woman to win an Olympic boxing gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. For help & information visit: keepitfun.rank.comYour privacy and security is our number one priority here at Grosvenor Casinos. The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. Sports originating in England include association football,[412] cricket, rugby union, rugby league, tennis, boxing, badminton, squash,[413] rounders,[414] hockey, snooker, billiards, darts, table tennis, bowls, netball, thoroughbred horseracing, greyhound racing and fox hunting. The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ("the Virgin Queen"). Both bets are wagered at equal amounts. [285] Due to immigration, it was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at home,[264] the most common being Punjabi and Urdu. [140], The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in the British Isles with a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats. Please email me at totalcrime70@gmail.com if you see any inaccurate information. Since devolution, in which other countries of the United Kingdom – Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland – each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. [196] There are several tram networks, such as the Blackpool tramway, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and West Midlands Metro, and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London. Acclaimed for his motion capture work, Andy Serkis opened The Imaginarium Studios in London in 2011. [387], The BFI Top 100 British films includes Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public. It has helped the development of golf, sailing and Formula One. [57][58] From 1453 to 1487 civil war occurred between two branches of the royal family – the Yorkists and Lancastrians – known as the Wars of the Roses. It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself. [230] As of 6 April, visitors from "red list" countries were still not allowed to enter unless they were UK residents. German-born George Frideric Handel spent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios, The Messiah, Solomon, Water Music, and Music for the Royal Fireworks. window.customerSettings.reservedRoutes = ['^home', 'login', 'menu', '/menu/DepositOverlay', '/menu']; Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw. [176] As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or towards a doctorate, which takes three or more years. [96][97], Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the British Isles, but also from the Commonwealth, particularly the Indian subcontinent. [242] With a density of 424 people per square kilometre, in 2009 it would have been the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent – stare decisis – to the facts before them. Licensed and regulated by The Gambling Commission under licence 38750 for GB customers playing on our online site. They are typically, though not always, found in more rural areas. The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West, and London. Licensed and regulated by The Alderney Gambling Control Commission (licences 13 C1 & C2) for non-GB customers playing on our online site.Licensed and regulated by The Gambling Commission under licences 614, 33465 & 34161 for customer playing in our land-based casinos. England is a leader in the chemical[158] and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars (although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Land Rover, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley), crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages. This also includes relatively flat plains such as the Salisbury Plain, Somerset Levels, South Coast Plain and The Fens. Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, the thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. [13], The Kingdom of England – which after 1535 included Wales – ceased being a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. [347] During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English). Broadview Press, 2003, Matthew Collin, John Godfrey (2010). "Origins of Rugby – Codification "The innovation of running with the ball was introduced some time between 1820 and 1830. [213] UK government energy policy aims to play a key role in limiting greenhouse gas emissions, whilst meeting energy demand. If it’s football betting you’re after, step right up for the best of club football with odds available on Premier League, La Liga, Serie A, the UEFA Champions League and a host of other top football competitions from the UK, Europe and around the world. Further education colleges (particularly sixth form colleges) often form part of a secondary school site. The England national football team, whose home venue is Wembley Stadium, played Scotland in the first ever international football match in 1872. window.postMessage('kambi-client-ready', window.location.origin); We’ll let you know if your bet comes in. They contain two national parks, the Yorkshire Dales and the Peak District. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, Mary I and Elizabeth I. [447][448] Trina Gulliver is the ten-time Women's World Professional Darts Champion of the British Darts Organisation. [207] Demand for electricity in 2014 was 34.42GW on average[208] (301.7TWh over the year) coming from a total electricity generation of 335.0TWh. [389] Other contemporary English directors include Sam Mendes, Guy Ritchie and Richard Curtis. Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, and Ben Jonson are other established authors of the Elizabethan age. [160] Manchester is the largest financial and professional services sector outside London and is the mid tier private equity capital of Europe as well as one of the growing technology hubs of Europe. [125] Outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly, England is also divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties; these correspond to areas used for the purposes of local government[127] and may consist of a single district or be divided into several. The UK's NHS provided publicly funded health care to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. [206] This equates to energy consumption per capita of 34.82 MWh (3.00 tonnes of oil equivalent) compared to a 2010 world average of 21.54 MWh (1.85 tonnes of oil equivalent). [18] The earliest recorded use of the term, as "Engla londe", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. An accumulator bet is a type of wager that offers you the chance to win a higher payout, but at a greater risk. Her Majesty's Treasury, led by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, is responsible for developing and executing the government's public finance policy and economic policy. [88] The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh. [78] Before the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England. [434] The vast majority of English clubs in Super League are based in the north of England. [326] The RHS Chelsea Flower Show is held every year by the Royal Horticultural Society and is said to be the largest gardening show in the world. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. [307], After finishing compulsory education, students take GCSE examinations. [317] Another well-preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset. There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government as a result of vast Tudor reforms.[66]. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno–Saxon monasticism,[318][319] to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. [324], English Heritage and the National Trust preserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country. According to the 2011 UK Census, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,[nb 5] and 3,448 in Wales,[nb 5] including 11,026 Wiccans in England and 740 in Wales. Earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate. Rolls-Royce also produces low-emission power systems for ships; makes critical equipment and safety systems for the nuclear industry and powers offshore platforms and major pipelines for the oil and gas industry. Brythonic was the spoken language during this time. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elves, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. [125] These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages, with some established as recently as 1974. [116] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales. Elizabethan England represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of art, poetry, music and literature. It is separated from France (Hauts-de-France) by a 21-mile (34 km)[129] sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone. [168][169] The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the economy, and the UK has the third-highest share of global pharmaceutical R&D expenditures.[170][171]. Once you understand the basics of sports betting – like calculating odds, bet types and spread – placing a bet is simple. None of those of us who began their first year at Faringdon’s County Grammar School for Girls on September 6th 1955 (nor for that matter none of those pupils who joined us in later years) could for a moment have imagined that a bunch of us would be meeting up in Faringdon almost 59 years later, to celebrate our 70thbirthdays! McLaren Automotive, Williams F1, Team Lotus, Honda, Brawn GP, Benetton, Renault, and Red Bull Racing are all, or have been, located in the south of England. A Christmas carol p.10. [221] The Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport has overall responsibility for tourism, arts and culture, cultural property, heritage and historic environments, libraries, and museums and galleries. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage, Matthew Boulton (business partner of James Watt) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history. [91] Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. And whatever the sport, you can take advantage of our fantastic free bet calculator to work out how your potential winnings in advance. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace. [394], There are many museums in England, but perhaps the most notable is London's British Museum. William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games. [376] Following his invention of the circus ring in 1768, Astley's Amphitheatre opened in London in 1773. The biennial golf competition, the Ryder Cup, is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder who sponsored the event and donated the trophy. [143], The Environment Agency is a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England. [102][103] There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by referendum.[104]. [188], The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers, meeting at a variety of locations, including Gresham College in London. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. State-funded schools are obliged by law to teach the National Curriculum; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education. [168], BAE Systems makes large sections of the Typhoon Eurofighter at its sub-assembly plant in Salmesbury and assembles the aircraft for the RAF at its Warton plant, near Preston. With a workforce of over 12,000 people, Derby has the largest concentration of Rolls-Royce employees in the UK. So whether you think you’ve got a Super Bowl cert or a World Series winner, we’ve got the markets you need. [68] To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate. [361] Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as George Orwell, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, C. S. Lewis, Enid Blyton, Aldous Huxley, Agatha Christie, Terry Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea by Lord Nelson, and on land by the Duke of Wellington. Current actors include Tom Hardy, Daniel Craig, Benedict Cumberbatch, Lena Headey, Felicity Jones, Emilia Clarke, Lashana Lynch, and Emma Watson. [164] The creative industries accounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering. English women who have won Wimbledon include: Ann Haydon Jones in 1969 and Virginia Wade in 1977. 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